National Endowment for Democracy

The National Endowment for Democracy (NED), a Washington D.C-based non-profit funded by the U.S. national budget, boasts that it is "supporting freedom around the world."

Carl Gershman has been President since April 1984. Alan Weinstein, one of the founders of the NED, explained in 1991: A lot of what we [NED] do was done 25 years ago covertly by the CIA

NED's website describes its mission as being "guided by the belief that freedom is a universal human aspiration that can be realized through the development of democratic institutions, procedures, and values." NED, which is publicly funded, "makes hundreds of grants each year to support pro-democracy groups in Africa, Asia, Central and Eastern Europe, Eurasia, Latin America, and the Middle East."

According to the New York Times: "The National Endowment for Democracy is a quasi-governmental foundation created by the Reagan Administration in 1983 to channel millions of Federal dollars into anti-Communist 'private diplomacy.'"

NED funding mostly flows through the four foundations listed below; these in turn are active in influencing "civil society" and electoral processes around the world, in a process sometimes referred to as "cloak and ballot" operations. While NED remains accountable to the U.S. Congress and has to publish its disbursements, this doesn't apply to the organizations that it in turn finances.

Other groups undertaking similar activities around the world based in other developed countries include: the Australian Centre for Democratic Institutions (CDI); the Westminster Foundation; the Canadian International Center for Human Rights and Democratic Development (now known as Rights and Democracy) and the Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy.

Another similar US group was also formed in 1984 called the Center for Democracy.

Founding
NED was founded during the Ronald Reagan presidency in 1982, and shaped by an initial study undertaken by the American Political Foundation.

NED was created with a view to creating a broad base of political support for the organization. NED received funds from the U.S. government and distributes funds to four other organizations - one created by the Republican Party, another by the Democratic Party, one created by the business community and one by the "labor" movement (N.B.: the names of these organizations have changed over time):
 * International Republican Institute (IRI)
 * National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)
 * Chamber of Commerce's Center for Private Enterprise (CIPE)
 * AFL-CIO's American Center for International Labor Solidarity

Although publicly funded, the activities of these four institutes are not reported to Congress. According to William Robinson, "NED employs a complex system of intermediaries in which operative aspects, control relationships, and funding trails are nearly impossible to follow and final recipients are difficult to identify."

In a March 2005 interview, former CIA officer Philip Agee discussed the thinking behind NED's establishment: (Dennis Bernstein, "Philip Agee, Former CIA agent speaks on Venezuela", Flashpoints, March 14, 2005). Or read longer section of the interview.


 * During the late 1970s there was new thinking at the highest levels of the U.S. foreign policymakers, and they reconsidered whether these ugly murderous military dictatorships of the 1970s were really the best way to preserve U.S. interests in these countries – U.S. interests being defined traditionally as unfettered access to the primary products and raw materials, to the labor and to the markets of foreign countries. This new thinking led to the establishment in 1983 of the National Endowment for Democracy. They had chosen the German pattern in which the major political parties in Germany have foundations financed by the federal government. They did more or less the same thing with the establishment of the NED as a private foundation – there is really nothing private about it, and all its money comes from the Congress.


 * But then there were the other core foundations – this was the fundamental mechanism for promotion of democracy around the world, but in actual fact, when they say the promotion of democracy, or civic education, or fortifying civil society, what they really mean is using those euphemisms to cover funding to certain political forces and not to others. In other words, to fortify the opposition of undesirable foreign governments as in the case of Venezuela, or to support a government that is favorable to US interests and avoid of coming to power of forces that are not seen as favorable to US interests. This will be the case since the early 1990s in Nicaragua because all those programs that were started in order to assure the defeat of Daniel Ortega in 1990 continued, and they continued to make sure that Sandinista Front was not reelected again after their defeat in 1990 – and that has been the case. These programs go on in various different countries and they require quite a bit of research. ... I am sure that one could find these programs in Mexico, Colombia, Peru probably, Brazil, and other countries outside the Latin American region.

Involvement in Foreign Political Processes
NED regularly provides funding to opposition candidates in elections in countries other than the USA. According to Allen Weinstein, one of the founders of NED, "A lot of what we [NED] do today was done covertly 25 years ago by the CIA" (Blum, Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower, 2000, p. 180).

NED has principally supported candidates with strong ties to the military and who support the rights of U.S. corporations to invest in those countries with minimal restriction. The NED has not supported candidates who oppose investments by U.S. corporations or who promise restrictions on investment rights of U.S. corporations.

Tom Engelhardt notes that "we've seen "the Rose Revolution" in Georgia, "the Orange Revolution" in Ukraine, and now "the Tulip Revolution" in Kyrgyzstan, all heavily financed and backed by groups funded by or connected to the U.S. government and/or the Bush administration." He then quotes Pepe Escobar of the Asia Times, who writes:


 * "The whole arsenal of US foundations -- National Endowment for Democracy, International Republic Institute, International Foundation for Election Systems (IFES), Eurasia Foundation, Internews, among others -- which fueled opposition movements in Serbia, Georgia and Ukraine, has also been deployed in Bishkek [Kyrgyzstan]... Practically everything that passes for civil society in Kyrgyzstan is financed by these US foundations, or by the US Agency for International Development (USAID). At least 170 non-governmental organizations charged with development or promotion of democracy have been created or sponsored by the Americans. The US State Department has operated its own independent printing house in Bishkek since 2002 -- which means printing at least 60 different titles, including a bunch of fiery opposition newspapers. USAID invested at least $2 million prior to the Kyrgyz elections -- quite something in a country where the average salary is $30 a month."


 * National Endowment for Democracy: Grants By Country

Revolving Doorways
The close alignment of the NEDs activities with US foreign policy interests comes as no surprise, especially when you consider the revolving doorways between the US Government and the NED Board of Directors, some of the most notable of which include:
 * "...former US Secretaries of State, Henry Kissinger (Nixon) and Madeleine Albright (Clinton), former US Secretary of Defense Frank Carlucci (Reagan), former National Security Council Chair Zbigniew Brzezinski (Carter), former NATO Supreme Allied Command in Europe, General Wesley K. Clark (Clinton), and the current head of the World Bank, Paul Wolfowitz (George W. Bush). Another notable, Bill Brock, served as a US Senator, a US Trade Representative, and US Secretary of Labor, and then Chairman of the Board of NED."

Fostering "Free Press"
In late 2004, Adam Wild Aba wrote, "The new intelligence law also directs the State Department to promote a free press and the development of 'professional journalists' in the Muslim world. It says free press is a must as part of the overall public diplomacy strategy for the Middle East, according to the State Department’s statement. Under the law, the National Endowment for Democracy shall fund a private-sector group to establish a free-media network to help participants share information concerning development of free media in 'societies in transition'."

NED also supports the nonprofit organization Internews which encourages media worldwide to "promote democracy". In 2004, Internews had a budget of $27 million, 80 percent of which came from the U.S. government.

"Marguerite H. Sullivan is Director of the Center on International Media Assistance at the National Endowment for Democracy."

Covert embedded reporters
Several articles about the political process in Haiti, Iraq, and the Palestinian-occupied territories have appeared in The New York Times, NPR, and other mainstream US media. The impression is given that the articles are from bona fide journalists, but it transpires that several of them are paid by the NED or its affiliated organizations. The case of Regine Alexandre is particularly interesting. She wrote articles for the New York Times, AP, and commented on NPR. It transpires that she is on the NED payroll, and the NED confirmed this fact. However, when confronted with this information both the NYT and NPR failed to respond or take this seriously.

Source: Anthony Fenton and Dennis Bernstein, "AP reporter RéGINE is wearing two hats," Haiti Action.net, December 29, 2005.

Conducting polls
NED (or its satellite organizations) has been active in conducting election exit polls in Serbia, Ukraine, Venezuela. These results were used on occasion to cast doubt on the actual election results, and thus deligitimize the winner of the election, and thus create pressure for an election re-run. 

In December 2004, the NED-association organization International Republican Institute conducted a survey in Iraq to determine the popular intent to vote. It found that 75% of Iraqis would opt to vote, thus lending some legitimacy to the electoral exercise. However, IRI didn't poll the key cities where the insurgency is strong, i.e., Fallujah, Ramadi and Mosul. Such surveys lend legitimacy to so-called demonstration elections, and discredit those opposed to the elections.

Meddling in Egypt
On 3 February 2011, Madeleine Albright, the head of NDI, the Democrat's NED affiliated group, stated that the NED was already active in Egypt to influence the post-Mubarak era.

Critiques and Support
On the right, NED has been criticized by the Cato Institute which issued a briefing which states, "NED, which also has a history of corruption and financial mismanagement, is superfluous at best and often destructive. Through the endowment, the American taxpayer has paid for special-interest groups to harass the duly elected governments of friendly countries, interfere in foreign elections, and foster the corruption of democratic movements."

On its website, NED notes the criticism but responds that "over the years mainstream conservative activists have been among the most outspoken advocates on behalf of the Endowment. Endorsements of NED have been offered by the leadership of such stalwart conservative organizations as the Heritage Foundation and Empower America, and favorable editorials have appeared in the Wall Street Journal, the Washington Times and National Review."

In his 2004 State of the Union Speech, Bush proposed doubling funding for NED and called for a greater focus on "its new work on the development of free elections, and free markets, free press, and free labor unions in the Middle East. And above all, we will finish the historic work of democracy in Afghanistan and Iraq, so those nations can light the way for others, and help transform a troubled part of the world."

In March 2006, a number of activists (including amongst many others Howard Zinn, Gore Vidal, Michael Parenti and David Harvey) launched a new US project called the which critiques the activities of the NED.

The Respect for Democracy Campaign is a project of the Alliance for Global Justice.

Funding
NED receives an annual appropriation from the U.S. budget and, while a non-governmental organization, is subject to Congressional oversight. In the financial year to the end of September 2002 NED's budget was US$48.5 million. 

In December, 2005 PhD researcher Sreeram Chaulia noted that:
 * "...97 percent of NED’s funding comes from the US State Department (through USAID and before 1999, the USIA), the rest being allocations made by right-wing donors like the Bradley Foundation, the Whitehead Foundation and the Olin Foundation.(http://www.ned.org/publications/04annual/auditors04.pdf see)"

Officers (March 2011)
(for details of former staff, see National Endowment for Democracy: People)
 * Richard A. Gephardt (Chairman)
 * Judy Shelton (Vice-Chair)
 * Robert Miller (Secretary)
 * Robert H. Tuttle (Treasurer)
 * Carl Gershman (President)

Directors of the Board (March 2011)

 * John Bohn
 * James Boland
 * Norm Coleman
 * Rita DiMartino
 * Kenneth M. Duberstein
 * Patricia A. Friend
 * Martin Frost
 * Francis Fukuyama
 * William A. Galston
 * Zalmay Khalilzad
 * Mark S. Kirk
 * Larry A. Liebenow
 * Princeton N. Lyman
 * Will Marshall
 * Gregory W. Meeks
 * Moisés Naím
 * Azar Nafisi
 * Andrew J. Nathan
 * Stephen Sestanovich
 * Terence A. Todman
 * Vin Weber - former chair

Source

Affiliated Contractors
While most of NED's funding is directed towards the four affiliated core foundations, these in turn hire a variety of "consulting" companies. In the past, these have included:
 * Albert Einstein Institution - involved in most Eastern European countries
 * Delphi International Group - involved in Nicaragua
 * Development Alternatives Inc. - involved in Venezuela
 * IFES - involved in Haiti, Pakistan, Afghanistan
 * Penn, Schoen and Berland - Specializes in surveys and "exit polls"; involved in most Eastern European countries and in Venezuela

Contact information
1025 F Street NW, Suite 800 Washington DC, 20004 Phone: (202) 378-9700 Fax: (202) 223-6042 Web: http://www.ned.org

SourceWatch resources

 * Sheldon Wolin
 * Agenda: PERU
 * America's Development Foundation
 * Center for Democracy and Civil Society
 * Center for the Implementation of Public Policies Promoting Equity and Growth
 * Center for Foreign Journalists
 * Center for the Dissemination of Economic Information
 * Citizens Development Corps
 * CIVICUS
 * Citizens for a Convention of Western Democracies
 * Democracy Digest
 * Democracy International
 * Global Foundation for Democracy and Development
 * Imperial terror in South America
 * Impunity Watch
 * Institute for International Assistance and Solidarity
 * Laith Kubba
 * NED Democracy Award
 * NED Past Fellows
 * NED Democracy Service Medal
 * Partners for Democratic Change
 * The Democracy Game
 * U.S. Agency for International Development
 * Global Foundation for Democracy and Development
 * George Weigel

Websites critiquing the NED

 * New website, International Endowment for Democracy, March, 2006.
 * In the Name of Democracy: Towards a Global Political Intervention Monitor, (Contributors include Professor William I. Robinson).
 * venezuelafoia.info

Radio Commentary

 * "Unholy Alliance? The AFL-CIO and the National Endowment for Democracy in Venezuela", Democracy Now!, July 26, 2005.
 * "U.S. Gvt. Channels Millions Through National Endowment for Democracy to Fund Anti-Lavalas Groups in Haiti", Democracy Now!, January 23, 2006.

Articles & commentary

 * David K. Shipler, "Missionaries for Democracy: US Aid for Global Pluralism", New York Times 1 June 1986.
 * Beth Sims, "Workers of the World Undermined: American Labor's role in U.S. foreign policy", Third World Traveller, 1992.
 * Barbara Conry &#8220;Loose Cannon: The National Endowment for Democracy&#8221;, Cato Institute, Policy Briefing No. 27, November 8, 1993, (accessed November 18, 2003).
 * John Stauber and Sheldon Rampton, Toxic Sludge is Good for You, Common Courage Press, Monroe Maine,1995, page 166.
 * William Robinson, Promoting Polyarchy: Globalization, US Intervention and Hegemony, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. For a quick summary
 * John M. Broder, "Political Meddling by Outsiders: Not New for U.S", New York Times, March 31, 1997.
 * James Ciment and Immanuel Ness, "NED and the Empire's New Clothes", Covert Action Quarterly, No.67, Spring-Summer: 65-68, 1999.
 * Bob Feldman, &#8220;The Nation's NED Connection-part 1&#8221;, QuestionsQuestions, circa 2001.
 * Bob Feldman, &#8220;The Nation's NED Connection&#8212;part 2&#8221;, QuestionsQuestions, circa 2001.
 * "Aiding Democracy around the World: The Challenges after September 11", SAIRR, 1 October 2002.
 * Harley Sorenson, NED's feel-good name belies its corrupt intent, SFGate.com, November 17, 2003.
 * David Lowe, &#8220;Idea to Reality: A Brief History of the National Endowment for Democracy&#8221;, accessed November 18, 2003.
 * Terry Allen, &#8220;Update by Author Terry Allen&#8217;, accessed November 18, 2003.
 * Eric T. Hale, "Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of the National Endowment For Democracy, 1990-1999", Louisiana State University, PhD, 2003. (Pdf)
 * Hugo Chavez Accuses U.S. of Spending Over $1 Million To Help Oust Him, Democracy Now!, March 4, 2004.
 * Andrew Buncombe, "US revealed to be secretly funding opponents of Chavez", Independent (UK), March 13, 2004.
 * Ken Silverstein And Carol J. Williams, "Chavez Camp Accuses U.S. of Pushing for His Recall," Los Angeles Times, August 13, 2004.
 * Nadia Diuk, In Ukraine, Homegrown Freedom", Washington Post, December 4, 2004; Page A23. (Diuk is director, Europe and Eurasia, at the National Endowment for Democracy).
 * Lisa Ashkenaz Croke and Brian Dominick, "Controversial U.S. Groups Operate Behind Scenes on Iraq Vote," The New Standard, December 13, 2004.
 * Dennis Bernstein, "Philip Agee, Former CIA agent speaks on Venezuela", Flashpoints, March 14, 2005.
 * Philip Agee, "The Nature of CIA Intervention in Venezuela" (interview conducted by Jonah Gindin), VenezuelaAnalysis, March 22, 2005.
 * Allan Cordova, "Democracy in Central Asia", Thesis, 2005.
 * Pepe Escobar, "The Tulip Revolution takes root," Asia Times, March 26, 2005.
 * Tom Engelhardt, "Drugs, Bases, and Jails: The Bush administration's Afghan Spring," Znet, April 05, 2005.
 * Interview with William Robinson by Jonah Gindin, The Battle for Global Civil Society, June 13, 2005.
 * Kim Scipes, "An Unholy Alliance: the AFL-CIO and the National Endowment for Democracy (NED) in Venezuela," Znet, July 10, 2005.
 * Seymour M. Hersh, "Get Out the Vote: Did Washington try to manipulate Iraq’s election?", The New Yorker, July 25, 2005.
 * Tom Barry, "The New Crusade of the Democratic Globalists", RightWeb, August 3, 2005.
 * Pablo Bachelet, "Citizens group to get U.S. funds," Miami Herald, September 13, 2005.
 * Sreeram Chaulia, "Democratisation, Colour Revolutions and the Role of the NGOs: Catalysts or Saboteurs?," GlobalResearch.ca , December 25, 2005.
 * Augustine Titani Magolowondo, "Democratisation Aid as a Challenge for Development Co-operation: A Comparative Study of Overall Policies of Two Bilateral and Two Multilateral Development Agencies and How they are Implemented in Malawi", PhD Thesis, 2005.
 * Jonah Gindin, "Year of Living Democratically," ZNet Commentary, January 1, 2006.
 * Interview with Anthony Fenton: "U.S. Government Channels Millions Through National Endowment for Democracy to Fund Anti-Lavalas Groups in Haiti," Democracy Now!, January 23, 2006.
 * Kim Scipes, "Worker-to-Worker Solidarity Committee to AFL-CIO: Cut All Ties with NED," Znet, May 1, 2006.
 * Joan Roelofs, "The NED, NGOs and the Imperial Uses of Philanthropy: Why They Hate Our Kind Hearts, Too", Counterpunch, May 13, 2006.
 * U.S. Department of State, "The Role of NGOs in the Development of Democracy", Scoop, June 12, 2006.
 * Jehangir S. Pocha, "nonprofits under investigation in China", Boston Globe, June 15, 2006.
 * Ian James, "Chavez Government Probes U.S. Funding," Associated Press, August 26, 2006.
 * Hilary Keenan, "Aid without mercy: the paid pipers of civil society", 21st Century Socialism, September 15, 2006.
 * Michael Barker, "Regulating revolutions in Eastern Europe: Polyarchy and the National Endowment for Democracy (Part 3)", Zmag, 1 November 2006.
 * Chris Carlson, "Coup D'etat in Venezuela: Made in the USA", Zmag, 24 November 2006.
 * Mark R. Beissinger, "Promoting Democracy: Is Exporting Revolution a Constructive Strategy?", Dissent, Winter 2006.
 * Gerald Sussman, "The Myths of ‘Democracy Assistance’: U.S. Political Intervention in Post-Soviet Eastern Europe", Monthly Review, 2006. (revised, shortened version of “The Globalization of Politics: Spinning U.S.‘Democracy Assistance Programs’” in William Dinan & David; Miller,eds., Thinker, Faker, Spinner, Spy: Corporate Spin and the War on Democracy (London: Pluto Press, 2006)
 * Mike Whitney, "Washington’s Game in Turkmenistan", Znet, December 27, 2006.
 * Paul Street, "What is a Democracy? The Empire and Inequality Report, no. 9", Znet, February 3, 2007.
 * Michael Barker, "A Force More Powerful: Promoting 'Democracy' through Civil Disobedience," ZNet, February 25, 2007.
 * Tom Barry, "The New Politics of Political Aid in Venezuela", Center for International Policy, July 24, 2007.
 * Michael Barker, "Hijacking Human Rights: A Critical Examination of Human Rights Watch’s Americas Branch and their Links to the ‘Democracy’ Establishment", Znet, August 3, 2007.
 * Hernando Calvo Ospina, "The CIA's Successors And Collaborators: US: overt and covert destabilisation", Le Monde diplomatique, August 10, 2007.
 * Muhammad Idrees Ahmad, "From Scotland to Caracas — The Politics of Democracy Promotion", Atlantic Free Press, August 11, 2007.
 * Michael Barker, "Media Manipulation and the United Nations: UNESCO Severs Ties to Democracy Manipulators?, Center for Research on Globalization, March 24, 2008.
 * Michael Barker, "Media Manipulation and Human Rights: From Pinochet to Human Rights in China", Center for Research on Globalization, March 29, 2008.
 * Michael Barker, "Zimbabwe and the Power of Propaganda: Ousting a President via Civil Society", Center for Research on Globalization, April 16, 2008.


 * Jeremy Bigwood, "No Strings Attached? How U.S. funding of the world press corps may be buying influence", In These Times, June 4, 2008.
 * James Jordan, "Close the Mis-named National Endowment for Democracy", Political Affairs, June 19, 2008.
 * Clancy Chassay, "Seeds of further uprising amid the fear and intimidation", The Guardian, July 19, 2008.
 * Michael Barker, "Waging Democracy On China: Human Rights and an Endowment for Democracy", Swans, July 28, 2008.
 * Michael Barker, "Imperial Media Manipulators: The Center for International Media Assistance", Swans, October 6, 2008.
 * Immanuel Ness and James Ciment, "NED and the Empire's New Clothes", Covert Action, September 8, 2009.
 * Michael Barker, "People Power in Egypt: Defusing a Revolution?" (pdf), Countercurrents, March 15, 2011.